Horseshoe Crabs And The Biomedical Industry... Know The Truth

Horseshoe crab blood carries factors that react to antigens found on and in gram negative bacteria walls by forming a clot around it. The clot isolates the bacteria, and protects the crab from infection. The blood also begins a healing process similar to ours where we form a clot, a scab, and eventually wounds heal.

The LAL test is the most sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective test on the market today to detect contaminating endotoxins. It was first approved by the FDA in the 1970s and is now considered the gold standard because it can, in a relatively simple test, detect endotoxin in the parts per billion. Prior to LAL, hundreds of thousands of rabbits were used to test for endotoxins. Animals were injected with samples of the product being manufactured and monitored to see if they developed a fever which may indicate the presence of gram-negative bacteria. LAL-based assays are more humane, more accurate, and more cost-effective than rabbit-based tests. Plus, they can give results in a test tube, in about an hour. There are very few people you are likely to meet in your lifetime who have not benefited from a bacterial endotoxin test.

If endotoxin enters your bloodstream, it can make you sick and possibly even kill you. For this reason, the US FDA has mandated that all injectable or indwelling materials must be tested for endotoxin contamination before being released for sale. This is to protect the public from products that are not sufficiently free of materials that can make a patient ill from exposure to gram-negative cell wall material. The test ACC manufactures is used for medical devices, such as knee replacements, stents, heart valves, and intravenous solutions; it’s also used for drugs, vaccines, insulin, and chemotherapy drugs. In essence, anything injected or implanted into the human body must be free of endotoxin.

LAL is also used to make a diagnostic assay, Fungitell ®, that can detect the presence of invasive fungal infections. This is a fast and accurate assay used in hospitals for critically ill patients and in patients who are at risk. In 2024 alone, over 800,000 people were tested using this assay.

Absolutely not, this is a myth sensationalized by some media. Manufacturing LAL which is made from the white blood cells of horseshoe crabs is a complex process that is regulated by the FDA and must be done under extremely clean conditions. A typical LAL test costs less than $20. In terms of the impact it has had on human health and safety, it is safe to say it has saved many lives and is therefore priceless.

Most of the crabs that come to our facility are from Massachusetts waters, Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, and Buzzards Bay. Fishers catch them using different techniques, but they must follow strict regulations on size, number of crabs harvested, and abide by strict quotas

Every crab that enters our facility is checked for health, has it’s sex determined then the vendor and origin recorded. This is all reported to regulators monthly . The process itself is very similar to when people donate blood. The crabs are placed in a very clean laboratory, where we disinfect a portion of the shell and carefully insert a sterile needle. The crabs have a sinus in the dorsal aspect of their body just under the shell that holds excess blood; we collect from that region. The crabs are held in a very specific manner, limiting the blood that can be harvested from the dorsal sinus. The majority of the blood, which remains in the gill area, is untouched. The process takes only a few minutes and the crabs are held in darkened areas and kept moist before being returned to the supplier. Studies have shown that the crabs tolerate this process very well, and the overwhelming majority of animals survive.

Crabs in the United States are regulated and monitored carefully. They are not endangered and, in many areas, have growing populations. In other parts of the world, they are victims of pollution and humankind’s development of coastal areas and are not so closely monitored.

Like any sea creature, horseshoe crabs are dependent on a suitable environment in which to live and reproduce. Water quality is an important factor, as is having suitable beaches in which to lay their eggs. Fertilizers, septic systems, and other forms of pollution can greatly reduce the quality of water on which the crabs depend. Sea walls, rip-rap, and jetties can manipulate the natural movement of sand on beaches and affect spawning habitat. Beach nourishment, the practice of bringing in truckloads of sand to beaches to replenish what’s lost or make them look nice, can bury millions of eggs before they hatch. Crabs are also used as bait for conch and eels, which is another source of man-made mortality. Fortunately fisheries managers use the best science available to monitor the population and utilize structured decision making to determine quotas etc. It is safe to say there are tens if not hundreds of millions of crabs in the US.

ACC has always promoted and practiced a catch and release fishery where the overwhelming majority of crabs survive the process of blood extraction. We work closely with fisherman and regulators to minimize the impact we may have on crab populations. ACC was instrumental in creating a minimum size limit for crabs to ensure only mature crabs are collected, and helping to keep a biomedical only fishery in Pleasant Bay MA where all the crabs collected are released. We have supported conservation efforts that include the use of bait bags, decreased catch limits and prohibition of fishing for crabs around peak spawning periods. We also participate in the Massachusetts "rent a crab program" where crabs destined for use as bait are brought to our facility first. This helps to limit the overall impact on crabs, and is unique to Massachusetts. ACC takes part in the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) Horseshoe Crab Advisory Panel where we helped develop the Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the industry. We also collect data for the regulators from every crab that enters our facility, which is invaluable to understanding population dynamics.

Most recently ACC has implemented a one of a kind sustainability project where we can create juvenile crabs in-vitro and release them to the wild. You can learn more about this exciting new program here.

Horseshoe crabs and their ancestors have been on this planet for somewhere around 400 million years, they have survived mass extinctions. They are not harmful, don't sting, bite or try to do us any harm. Remember when you see a horseshoe crab shell washed up on the beach it is likely a molt, and not a dead crab. Crabs can only grow by shedding their shells and growing larger ones. Old shells are discarded and many beachcombers worry crabs are dying when they are really just growing up.

Even as recent as the 1950s crabs were destroyed by the tens of thousands by people on Cape Cod and elsewhere fearing they were harmful to shellfish beds or for use as fertilizer and pig food. In fact, they are useful for shell fisherman by helping to till and keep sediment aerated. They are an important part of the international ecosystem.

Water quality and human development are major threats to all fragile ecosystems such as the embayments where horseshoe crabs reproduce and grow. Do your part in limiting the impact humans have on water quality and beach erosion.

If you ever see a crab upside down on the beach, gently roll it over so it can return to the water. And remember; the next time you or a loved one receives an injection, IV or implant, be sure to thank a horseshoe crab!